Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Sheep Safely Graze


This spring I traveled to the town of Alcázar do Sal, 85 kilometers south of Lisbon, to report on this Nursing Home by Francisco and Manuel Aires Mateus. My cover story appears in the June issue of architektur.aktuell (sorry, no web page).
"A primary school is across the street, and the bright cries of children playing under the ancient trees of its grounds reach the garden, where a handful of sheep graze on the wild lawns under cork and olive trees – connections that keep the residents in touch with the life of the town and their rural origins."

"....a constant in Portuguese architecture over the centuries is clearly seen here: the tension between order and topography, between a rational, regular, repetitive system of settlement –from the urban street grid to individual buildings with their patios, gardens and terraces– and the accidents of topography and historical development that distort and transform this regular order. Amid the lush vegetation, vivid topography and mild climate of Portugal, with its mix of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, this is the formula for a contemporary Garden of Eden."
In the Garden of Eden
Nursing Home, Alcácer do Sal, Portugal
Francisco + Manuel Aires Mateus
architektur.aktuell 387
Issue theme: Solid Structures
June 2012, pages 64 - 75; cover.

 Photo: DC

Tuesday, June 12, 2012

Summer Exhibitions in Spain


Madrid
The Arts of Piranesi
CaixaForum Madrid
Through September 9

In addition to 300 engravings representing the variety of Piranesi's interests (architecture, archeology, city views, decoration, the Imaginary Prisons series, etc.), the show includes "reproductions of furniture and decorative objects in various materials from his series Antichità Romane, an ... audiovisual presentation that gives a disturbing depth and breadth to his Imaginary Prisons, and contemporary photographs by G. Basilico for his collection of engravings of Views of Rome, comparisons that allow the public to discover the three dimensionality, perspective and detail of Piranesi`s engravings."

According to El País, the digitalizaiton of the Imaginary Prisons by the Madrid-based Factum Arte studio allows "the camera to make a three-dimensional journey through their interiors, creating the sensation of walking through buildings that never existed."


Barcelona 
Le Corbusier & Jean Genet in the Raval;
Gordon Matta-Clark, "Office Baroque" Portfolio;
Roberto Rosellini Filming Beaubourg
MACBA (Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art)
Through October 21

This miscellany shows off items from the museum's permanent collection.

The first show aims to document the visits of Le Corbusier and Jean Genet to Barcelona in the 1930s,  "when both applied their critical eye to the city's streets." It includes works by Brassaï, Joaquín Torres-García, Alexander Calder, Leandre Cristòfol, Lucio Fontana, Salvador Dalí and Antoni Tàpies.

Corb came to Barcelona at the urging of José Luis Sert and with the hope of contracting a major new urban plan with the republican regional government of the Generalitat. Genet came to live and write about the low life in the city's Barrio Chino (red light district).

The second show brings together 46 works documenting building interventions by Matta-Clark in the last six years of his life, in the 1970s.

And the third presents Robert Rossellini's film on the opening of the Pompidou in Paris, which ties in with one of Matta-Clark's  last works.

Wednesday, June 6, 2012

Congress in Pamplona

There's still time to sign up for the Architecture and Society Foundation's next Congress, Lo Común, to be held June 20-22 in Pamplona. Special grants are available to help students attend.

The Congress is directed by Luis Fernández-Galiano. Speakers include Foster, Moneo, Siza and Souto de Moura, as well as Peter Buchanan, Vasa Perović (Slovenia), Manuel Aires Mateus, Roger Diener, Dietmar Eberle, Anna Heringer (Austria), Solano Benítez (Paraguay), Patxi Mangado (Foundation founder) and others.

The proceedings cover the themes "Architecture and Shelter," "Architecture and Efficiency," and "Architecture and Pleasure."

To give  an idea of the calado of the event (Spanish metaphor meaning the draft of a ship), the congress will be kicked off with welcoming remarks  by Carlos Solchaga, former Socialist Minister of Economy and the President of the Foundation, and Ana Pastor, current Minister of Development, as well as the president of Navarra and mayor of Pamplona. Other active and former politicians are sprinkled through the proceedings.

Detailed information can be found here.

It's Summer Again at the Serpentine


Rowan Moore in The Guardian on this summer's Serpentine Pavilion in London by HdM and Weiwei. (Skip-scroll through the intro about how tiresome Thomas Heatherwick is).

Quote:
"What you get now is a sunken bowl lined with series of descending terraces, with fragments of curved and angled lines that echo the bygone works of Sanaa, Gehry, Hadid, Libeskind, Eliasson and others. It's surfaced with dark brown compressed cork which looks like mud from a distance and is firm but slightly yielding underfoot. It also gives off an organic scent. Above is a horizontal disc, propped on a basic structure like the covering of an archaeological dig, holding a film of water."
"The surrounding land slopes, which means that at different places you can see over the top of the disc and appreciate the reflections it makes of trees and sky, or look into the cave-like space it covers, with fragmentary views of the park beyond. The interior ... is an events space, cafe and place for sitting around, except that this time it was felt that the concept would be compromised by installing catering facilities. These are provided by a matter-of-fact trailer parked close by."

Photo from the article
Oli Scarff/Getty Images

Tuesday, June 5, 2012

Petition Against EuroVegas. And Valdevaqueros!

Sign a petition for government disclosure of negotiations over EuroVegas organized by change.org.
Thanks, José Selgas.

(See my blog entry of April 29, The EuroVegas Threat).

José also sends this link for a petition to save the Valdevaqueros beach in Tarifa (above), threatened with a macro-development, a project that was just approved by the local government.

For details, here's the El Pais story on the vote from May 31, 2012.

Photo of Valdevaqueros Beach from:
Plataforma Ciudadana Por la preservación de Los Lances y Palmones

Monday, June 4, 2012

Design Vanguard Call for Entries

Architectural Record is now accepting entries for its 2012 Design Vanguard competition. Entries are due on August 10, 2012 and the winners will be published in the December 2012 issue.

For more information, and to enter, click here.

London's Olympics on the Horizon


Architectural Record's June issue devotes extensive coverage to the London Olympics, and to London in general. See a list of articles with links here.

The issue includes my brief overview of the lasting effects of the Olympics in Barcelona and Athens.
"For the Greeks, the 2004 Olympics in Athens and the aftermath have become a symbol for everything that has gone wrong in their country..."
"Barcelona used the investments and positive energy generated by the 1992 Olympic Games as a tool for long-term strategic planning—a model that London studied closely...." 
 In an excellent article in The Guardian, Rowan Moore also weighs in on London's Olympic effort (link), calling into question the whole enterprise of the Games.

The article includes links about some of the Olympic projects, such as Anish Kapoor's and Cecil Balmont's Orbit sculpture,  (photo above, apparently sporting an impressive phallus), on which Moore comments, "it will cost £15 to go up to the top. I suggest that residents of nearby council tower blocks charge £14.95 to visit their flats. The view will be just as good and visitors would gain a richer understanding of London and of humanity".

 Other venues:
Aquatic Center by Zaha Hadid.
Velodrome by Hopkins Architects.
Athletic Stadium, sponsored by Dow Chemical.
Olympic Village (in a separate review by Rowan Moore).
Olympic Park by George Harrgreaves (gets a thumbs-up from Moore for preserving a sense of the pre-existing context amid the waterways of the River Lea).

Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Dyer on Tarkovsky

"We are in another world that is no more than this world perceived with unprecedented attentiveness."
 Geoff Dyer 

From his book Zona, dedicated to Andrei Tarkovsky’s Stalker (1979), quoted in The New York Times review on March 2nd. I am not a Tarkovsky fan but this is a useful motto.

Image from Brian Dillon's interesting blog Ruins of the 20th Century

Friday, May 18, 2012

Hobbits in China




EMBT Designs Zhang Da Qian Museum in Neijiang, China
Architectural Record web page, May 15, 2012
Architecture Record, Chinese Edition

Benedetta Tagliabue is still going strong, 12 years after the death of her husband, Enric Miralles. She's a remarkable architectural survivor and a wonderful person, but..... This latest conceit reminds me of those glory days when Frank Stella briefly turned into an architect, serving up a model for an Orangerie-thing in poor-old recently-liberated Dresden, with domes of cantaloupe and trembling flan -- at least that's what they looked like to me as I contemplated them in his studio, at the urging of his loyal pal Phillip Johnson. Now the Chinese are the gumptious lot who will fall for just about anything.

As the article was a news piece and I wasn't yet quite so tired of all this, nothing of the above is reflected in the actual text. The biggest piece of news was that Zhang Da Qian, whom I had never heard of, was the top-selling artist worldwide at auctions last year, outpacing Picasso for the first time in 14 years -- a sign of the strength of the new Chinese buying public.

Here's another zinger from my text:
"Picasso's portrait of Zhang, his face surrounded by dashing blots of ink for hair and beard, inspired the layout for the pavilions' rings of structural fins. Zhang's traditional rendering of a grove of bamboo provided the concept for the pavilion's vertical development. The fins' irregular profiles, designed using folded and cut paper, derive from this drawing and other sources, including a photograph of the artist and his paintings of a woman and a mountain landscape. It also refers to a large boulder from his garden in Taiwan, which he brought from California, and under which he is buried."
I'm still looking for the stones and ladies and photographs and waving groves of bamboo in those fins.

Tuesday, May 15, 2012

FAD Finalists 2012

Mansilla + Tuñón, Lalín Town Hall. © Roland Halbe
The finalists for the 2012 FAD Prizes have been announced, with winners to appear in the fall. The list of nominees, taken from the SCALAE web page, follows below. The jury was led by Seville architect Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra. Over 500 projects were presented and 36 were selected.

I know only a few of these works, so the winner will hopefully be a surprise. Two works are by architects who died this winter, Luis Mansilla and Manuel de Solà- Morales.

My blind bet on the winner?
Mansilla and Tuñón's Lalín Town Hall, a stellar project when first announced and unbuilt for years, it hasn't been getting too much attention otherwise. One possible drawback: it may represent -to some- all that is "old" and "out" in post-crisis architecture. But they sure put the circle through some hoops.

Mansilla + Tuñón, Lalín Town Hall. © Roland Halbe
Any takers?

(For the uninitiated, the FAD Awards are given each year by the venerable Barcelona-based organization  now known as El Foment de les Arts i del Disseny, or Arquinfad, or ADI-FAD or what-have-you, and originally known simply as Foment de les Artes Decoratives. Their web page is here. If you can find any hard info there on this year's prizes, and find your way around in general, let me know. For a place dedicated to design, they have the most confusing web page and organizational chart I've ever seen).


 ARCHITECTURE
  • House in Cadaqués. Stephen Bates, Liebman Villavecchia Arquitectos.
  • Annex to the Picasso Museum, Barcelona. Jordi Garcés.
  • La Pallaresa Complex. Robert and Esteve Terradas Muntañola + Eduardo Souto de Moura. 
  • UPI ('Kid University'), Gandía, Valencia. Angela García de Paredes, Ignacio García Pedrosa. 
  • Apartment buildings on the Ria de Bilbao. Carlos Ferrater, Xavier Martí Galí, Lucía Ferrater; Luis Domínguez  (Katsura Arquitectura).
  • Lalín Town Hall. Emilio Tuñón, Luis Moreno Mansilla.
  • La Bòbila School. Baas Jordi Badia.
  • C / Z House. Inés Vieira da Silva, Miguel Vieira (Sami-Arquitectos).
  • Renovation of the former CCCB Theater, Barcelona. Elías Torres.
  • Tejado Municipal Auditorium. Francisco Mangado. (DC: Isn't this the Teulada Auditorium?)
  • Asunción Linares Infant School. Elisa Valero Ramos.
  • Agujas de Torresana. Manuel de Solà-Morales.
  • Classroom and Departmental Offices, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla. Jose Morales Sánchez + Sara de Giles Dubois; Miguel Hernandez Valencia.
  • Nave 16, Matadero, Madrid. Iñaqui Carnicero, Alejandro Virseda, Ignacio Villa.
  • School for Infants. Pereda Pérez Arquitectos.
  • Ágora Socio-Cultural Center, San Pedro de Visma, A Coruña. Luis Rojo + Begoña Fernández-Shaw; Liliana Obala.
  • Red Bull Music Academy. Nave de la Música del Matadero, Madrid.  María Langarita Sánchez, Víctor Navarro.
  • Logroño Train Station. Iñaki Ábalos + Renata Sentkiewicz.
  • Adega da Quinta do Vallada. Francisco Vieira de Campos, (Menos É Mais, Arquitectos).
  • Offices & housing, Guardia Civil Station. Carlos J. Meri Cucart.
  • Portalegre Hotel and Tourism School. Eduardo Souto Moura, Graça Correa.
INTERIORS
  • Renovation of the Casa do Arco for the Casa da Escrita (House of Writing). João Mendes Ribeiro.
  • Housing unit type renovation. Iñigo Beguiristain.
  • Urban Strategies. Nuño Sampaio.
  • Tondeluna. Rubén Picada (Picaduras de Blas Arquitectos).
  • Fanqueiros. José Adriaen.
CITY AND LANDSCAPE
  • Project to restore the landscape of Tudela-Culip (former Club Med) in the Cabo de Creus Natural Park, Costa Brava. Martí Franch Batllori, Landscape Architect, Agricultural Engineer.
  • "Puesta En Valor" of Roman Archeological Remains at Iesso  / Sg Y Ac (Guissona-Lleida). Toni Gironès.
  • Renovation of the Paseo de San Juan (Tetuan - Arco de Triunfo). Lola Domènech.
  • San Clemente & Rua Trinidade reurbanization. Abal Alonso Arquitectos.
  • Madrid Río Park. Burgos & Garrido / Porras La Casta / Rubio & Álvarez-Sala / West 8
  • Estrutura Autoportante de Contenção da Estilha. Cristina Guedes, Francisco Vieira de Campos (Menos É Mais Arquitectos). 
Editing note: I found this list full of typographical oddities,  redundancies, errors. And why no location names for the works (the few included are supplied by me)? I have omitted finalists for ephemeral projects. Please inform if you find any errors.

Photos used with permission.

Sunday, April 29, 2012

The EuroVegas Threat

Playboy Club Sands Macao, owned by Sheldon Adelson

For those following the negotiations for the building of EuroVegas, a  multi-casino-and-hotel complex in Madrid or Barcelona, the April 9th issue of The New Yorker has a profile of Sheldon Adelson, the casino operator who hatched the deal. The article portrays the emergence of Macao as the world's biggest gambling capital, feeding off the booming Chinese economy and dethroning Las Vegas, which has been hard-hit by the ongoing American economic slump.

This weekend, Madrid's Club de Dedates Urbanos (Urban Debates Club) put the propsoal on the table for public discussion. A three-hour video of the first day is available on their web page here.

I won't go into all the details of the negotiations, which have been widely covered in the press. Articles on the subject are collected on a special page at El País: EuroVegas.

I find it hard to believe that politicians are taking this seriously, and  everyone else is taking it so calmly. But I also find it hard to believe that the proposal will actually get anywhere. It stinks like a sure-fire failure -- or an outright ripoff of public funds with the collusion of gullible public authorities, always ready to lower their trousers when a wad of bills gets waved under their noses.

Manuel Vicente offered a biting critique of the spectacle a couple of weeks ago in his Sunday column in El País on April 15th:
"…the forces of greed are once again prepared to introduce another damaging virus into this country. It's called Eurovegas, by Sheldon Adelson, a dude who takes Spaniards for idiots. In the middle of the economic crisis this macaroni promises us casinos, roulette wheels, whores, gangsters and skyscrapers in middle of the wasteland, as long as politicians, in exchange for hypothetical jobs, are prepared to lower their pants. This surfer dude carries a plague, similar to that of the red palm weevil, and he demands the same advantages enjoyed by this bug: nothing about controls, so he can nest at his ease, like a boil on the neck of future speculators, who, once they've filled their sacks,  will leave this desert of brick to the mercy of the foxes and lizards." (Translation by DC)

Added June 5, 2012 
Sign a petition for government disclosure of negotiations over EuroVegas organized by Change.org. Thanks, José Selgas. 

Tuesday, April 24, 2012

Martin Filler on Koolhaas


Martin Filler, probably the best all-round architecture critic currently working in the United States, on Rem Koolhaas in The New York Review of Books: THE MASTER OF BIGNESS.

The lengthy article, reviewing the recent show on Koolhaas at the Barbican Center in London,  includes interesting tidbits about Koolhaas' background, mentions his new book on Japanese metabolism, and offers an overview of his career. But the limitations of its North American perspective are finally disappointing.

Typically, Filler is unable to appreciate Koolhaas' fascination for Wallace K. Harrison, Nelson Rockefeller's architect -- the most genuinely American cultural phenomena tend to be under-appreciated at home. He offers the usual politically-correct tisk-tisk-tisking about Koolhaas' work for the Chinese "dictatorship" (precisely the kind of lock-step intoning of American foreign-policy positions in the supposedly "liberal" American press that makes one wonder what they mean by "freedom of thought"). And of course Filler doesn't even register Koolhaas' enthusiasm for East Berlin prefab apartment slabs and other architecture of the Soviet era. (And this just when similar US projects like Pruit-Igoe are getting a second look by a new generation).


Koolhaas remains the most interesting architect on the contemporary scene, the best conceptual thinker we have, an essential point of reference -- only Gehry comes close. I was able to discuss this recently with the Madrid architects Federico Soriano and Pedro Urzaiz and their students, who invited me to crit a student research project in their seminar on Koolhaas for a Master's Program in Design at the ETSAM (School of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Madrid).  We were looking at his project for the Hermitage in St. Petersburg and his ideas on preservation at the Venice Biennale of 2010 (covered on the web page Design Boom).

Although I must confess, true to my contradictions, that I am quite relieved to learn that Koolhaas' project for a convention center across the river from historic Córdoba has been canceled, as announced in  El Pais last March. "Oversize Me" architecture is fine for places where there is no there there, but Córdoba.....

Some fun bits from Filler's article:
"Following his father’s example, the young Koolhaas initially turned to journalism and screenwriting. In 1963, when he was eighteen, he began working for De Haagse Post, a right-liberal weekly.... He then studied at the Netherlands Film and Television Academy in Amsterdam (which his father headed...), and later co-wrote an ultimately unproduced movie script, Hollywood Tower, for the soft-porn director Russ Meyer, auteur of such camp classics as Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965)."
 "With a plethora of bizarre new architecture engulfing them, baffled Beijingers have devised a new architectural lexicon recalling the wry coinages long perfected by witty Berliners, who, for example, have dubbed the glass dome of Norman Foster’s Reichstag renovation ... die Käseglocke (the cheese cover). Thus the two-legged CCTV colossus has become colloquially known as da kucha (big pants crotch)."
 (See also my blog entry on the Koolhaas show at the Barbican in London)

Photo by Philippe Ruault from the Barbican show, featured in the NYRB article

Sunday, April 22, 2012

Hello, Barbarella

Plexiglas exterior
My story on selgascano's latest building in Cartagena, Spain is featured in the April issue of The Architectural Review (not on open web until next month but visible to subscribers here).
"In newspaper photos of Spain's Queen Sofía inaugurating the Batel Auditorium and Congress Centre in Cartagena, Spain last March, the moiré patterns thrown off by the thin piping of her suit play a nice riff against the backlit translucent plastic walls and lime-white rubber floors of the building, designed by José Selgas and Lucia Cano of the selgascano studio in Madrid. In fact, everyone looked terrific strolling up and down the long entry ramp to the concert hall."

...¡¡zooom!!...
"....unlike many of their predecessors, selgascano take realism and solemnity out of low-cost tech –its overtones of deprivation or asceticism– and approach it instead as a liberating opportunity for playful invention."

Plane Sailing
The Architectural Review
No. 1382, April 2012, pages 30 - 39

More night views




Security at the opening

The building can be a knock-out under daylight too:





The Plexiglas in the light of day:



A shower of multicolored rebar arches over the service entrance, where men in black suits and things in their ears hover during the inauguration:



View of the entry ramp from the auditorium entry:


Far better of course are the photos by Iwan Baan featured in the Review. Selgas told me that Baan took over 3,500 shots of the building. His secret: a handheld digital camera. I can't resist including a few of below, all © Iwan Baan:

The Ambigú. © Iwan Baan

Main auditorium. © Iwan Baan
Access to balcony seating. © Iwan Baan

This was my "Barbarella" moment -- or was it "Blow-Up"?
Featuring the Eero Aarnio bubble chair.  © Iwan Baan



Other views of the city
While in Cartagena, I spent an inordinate amount of time looking into the light:

Towards the waterfront


Approach to the waterfront





Thursday, April 12, 2012

The Big Rethink


As part of its new editorial direction, the British journal Architectural Review has invited Peter Buchanan to present The Big Rethink, a series of 12 ambitious essays that set out to redirect the course architecture for our time.

One of the most interesting installments so far was published in the March issue, where Buchanan introduces the concept of Integral Theory to his argument (I will be catching up with the April installment in the next few days).

To put it very simply, Integral Theory offers a framework for assuring that architecture, like other areas of thought, includes both objective and subjective fields, and both collective and individual viewpoints.

This is something I have long argued for, although never so systematically (see my essay After Functionalism from 1993, among other writings).

I met a student at the Madrid School of Architecture recently who forms part of a group of students working on the TGA -- Teoría General de la Arquitectura or General Theory of Architecture -- so something is definitely in the air (see their web page here). As always, bad times can be great times for architectural thought.

Here is a heavily-edited excerpt from Buchanan's article:
"[Integral Theory] is concerned with integrating, or at least bringing into relationship, all the rapidly expanding knowledge now available yet fragmented between specialisms."

"Significantly, ... Integral Theory .... attends not only to objective matters but gives equal weight to the subjective realms. Also, in developing Integral Theory, [Ken] Wilber sought to bring together the teachings of West and East, and so science and spirituality. Besides being an intellectual system, Wilber intends Integral theory to guide personal and spiritual development, another cause of academic resistance...."

"The core determinant of the character of an era is its underlying notion of reality − and the mostly unquestioned assumptions it results in that condition people’s understanding of and experience of the world. For modernity this notion is that there is an objective reality, external to and independent of us."

"Baldly stated, this might seem relatively banal and inconsequential. But the consequences of adopting this historically unprecedented sense of reality were vast and still continue, explaining much about both modernity and modern architecture. Prior to modernity, the notion of an objective, independent reality was inconceivable: you were an engaged participant in reality to which you were responsible because it was, in small part at least, shaped by your actions and thoughts. Rituals were needed to ensure rains and harvest, even in some cultures to ensure the sun rose."

"....the problem is less with the idea of an objective reality ... but rather that this reductive ... view became modernity’s dominant and often exclusive view of reality."

"Immeasurably compounding this problem is the idea that the reality of things can be fully understood by reductive analysis of them abstracted from context. Here it is the newer sciences of ecology and New Biology, of systems and chaos theory, and complex adaptive systems that challenge this view by insisting that things can only be fully known in their wider webs of relationships."

"Modern science and scientific materialism, the concomitant mode of thought virtually synonymous with modernity, study this objective reality through detached observation, measurement and reductive analysis − as has proved hugely effective. But detached observation also suppresses our emotional and empathic connections with the object observed and the world at large."

"...the result is Flatland, a narrow and desiccated reality that excludes the sensual joys of embodied experience, along with psychological depths and spiritual heights. Also excluded are all the dimensions of meaning invested by the left [subjective] quadrants, so intensifying the loss of meaning arising from living in Newton’s dead, mechanical universe where even evolution is the blind product of chance mutations and natural selection."

"Objective reality explored by reductive analysis dissolved the sense of intellectual and experiential connections and relationships between things, and even between people. This led inevitably to the fragmentation of the world into isolated objects, as evidenced by the buildings in the modern city, to social atomization, the rise of individualism and erosion of community − and again to the reduction of the natural world and other people to resources to be exploited. Compounding this, detached observation privileges the distancing sense of sight, further eroding emotional and empathic engagement."

"...we are left lonely and isolated, rootless and restless, and prey to the addictive and destructive behavior that is much in evidence all around us. Once again this reasserts that sustainability cannot be achieved without confronting the exciting, collective challenge of applying visionary imagination to cultural transformation....." 

 Amen.

Wednesday, April 11, 2012

Stirling in Stuttgart

Snapshots from a recent whirl through Stuttgart.
Atmospheres: New Palace from the park in the center of the city
Stirling's Staatsgalerie stands on a plinth above a highway-like avenue.

James Stirling's Neue Staatsgalerie (1984) is probably the best work of Post Modernism, period. It holds its attraction over time, and rewards visits with many fascinating quirks. It also enters in multiple dialogues with the city's other monuments, including the 1922 train station by Paul Bonatz -- an important reference for conservative Madrid modernists in the 1920's and 30's -- and the various Neoclassical and Romantic-Classical piles scattered around the palace park.

The continuation of the ramp in the rotunda out the back




And the back of the building


Paul Bonatz, Stuttgart Main Train Station, 1922


Not too many of my pictures came out well, which is why there are so few. Sorry for the poor quality -- I guess it's time to invest in a better camera.